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The
civil wars and Oliver Cromwell
A
select bibliography of books and volumes of collected articles
(where books have appeared in several editions,
the date of the most recent is given)
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General
studies
of seventeenth century England
|
The
best general studies of seventeenth century England are: B
Coward, The Stuart Age. England 1603-1714 (1994) and D Hirst, England
in Conflict, 1603-1660 (1999), both largely chronological in
structure; A Woolrych, Britain in Revolution, 1625-60 (2002),
an analytical narrative of the thirty-five years from the accession of
Charles I to the Restoration; R Lockyer, The Early Stuarts. A
Political History of England 1603-42 (1998), which is thematically
arranged; and, on society, J Sharpe, Early Modern England. A Social
History 1550-1760 (1997) and the briefer overview by B Coward, Social
Change and Continuity: England 1550-1750 (1997). D Smith has
written two overviews of particular themes: A History of the Modern
British Isles 1603-1707 (1998) on Scotland and England and, on
England alone, The Stuart Parliaments 1603-89 (1999). J
P Kenyon (ed), The Stuart Constitution (1986), A Hughes (ed),
Seventeenth Century England. A Changing Culture I (1980) and K
Lindley (ed), The English Civil War and Revolution: A Sourcebook
(1998) are collections of primary sources.
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Political
thought and ideology
|
Political
thought and ideology
in England in the pre-war decades are assessed in different ways by J
Sommerville, Royalists and Patriots: Politics and Ideology in
England 1603-40 (1999) and G Burgess, The Politics of the
Ancient Constitution (1992). A broader perspective is found in M
Goldie & J Burns (eds), The Cambridge History of Political
Thought 1450-1700 (1994).
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Gender,
women
and the family
|
Of
the various facets of the social history of early modern England in
general and of the civil war period in particular, the field of gender,
women and the family has probably attracted most attention in
recent years. Good studies include: D Cressy, Birth, Marriage and
Death: Ritual, Religion and Life Cycle in Tudor and Stuart England
(1997), J Eales, Women in Early Modern England (1998), S
Mendelson & P Crawford, Women in Early Modern England
(1998), and, with a tighter focus on the mid seventeenth century, C
Durston, The Family in the English Revolution (1989) and S
Davies, Unbridled Spirits: Women of the English Revolution
(1998).
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Cultural
developments
|
There
has also been a lot of recent work on cultural developments in
the early modern period in general and the mid seventeenth century in
particular, and on their relationship with politics, religion and
society. See, for example: K Sharpe & P Lake (eds), Culture and
Politics in Early Stuart England (1994); M Smuts, Culture and
Power in England 1585-1685 (1999); N Smith, Literature and
Revolution: England 1640-60 (1994); D Norbrook, Writing the
Republic: Poetry, Rhetoric and Politics, 1627-60 (1999); S
Wiseman, Drama and Politics in the English Civil War (1998);
and N H Keeble, The Cambridge Companion to the Writing of the
English Revolution (2001).
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The
reign of
James VI & I,
Charles I
|
Turning
to political history, the reign of James VI and I is best
approached via C Durston, James I (1993), the second edition of
S Houston, James I (1995), R Lockyer, James VI and I
(1998) and P Croft, James I (2002). Similarly, there have
recently appeared a cluster of good, concise studies of the reign
of Charles I: B Quintrell, Charles I, 1625-40 (1993), M
Young, Charles I (1997) and C Durston, Charles I (1998).
For both kings, this selection of overlapping but distinct short
studies offers a sharper and more up to date picture of the monarch
and his reign than any of the older, full-length biographies.
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The
reigns of
James I and
Charles I
down to
1640/42
|
Three
good, wide-ranging collections of articles covering the reigns of
James I and Charles I down to 1640/42 are: K Sharpe (ed), Faction
and Parliament (1985), born out of a fierce debate about whether
to see early Stuart political history as dominated by conflict and
constitutional strife (the traditional view) or by harmony and
consensus (the 'revisionist' view favoured by the editor of this
collection); R Cust & A Hughes (eds), Conflict in Early Stuart
England (1989), a wide-ranging collection on political and
religious topics, with a particularly good introduction, generally
sceptical of the revisionist line; and, still valuable if now a little
dated in places, H Tomlinson (ed), Before the English Civil War:
Essays in Early Stuart Politics and Government (1983).
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Particular
themes or developments
of the pre-war years
Religion
The
1620s
The
Personal
Rule of the
1630s
|
There
are several important, detailed studies of particular themes or
developments of the pre-war years. On religion, N Tyacke, Anti-Calvinists:
The Rise of English Arminianism, 1590-1640 (1987) sees the
high-church policies of Charles I as innovative and overthrowing a
broad Calvinist consensus in the English church; many historians find
this interpretation more convincing than Peter White's attempt in Predestination,
Policy and Polemic (1992) to portray the Arminians as merely
seeking to re-establish an Elizabethan harmony and unity destroyed by
innovating low church Calvinists. Good guides to this controversy can
be found in S Doran & C Durston, Princes, Pastors and People.
The Church and Religion in England 1529-1689 (1991), especially
chapter 2, A Foster, The Church of England 1570-1640 (1994) and
K Fincham (ed), The Early Stuart Church (1993), which explores
many aspects of religion and the church. Although now a little dated
and criticised by some for underplaying confrontation and ideological
division, C Russell's Parliaments and English Politics 1621-29
(1979) remains an important study of the 1620s. The early 1620s
have been studied in detail by T Cogswell, The Blessed Revolution:
English Politics and the Coming of War, 1621-24 (1989), while R
Cust explores a key development of the later 1620s in The Forced
Loan and English Politics 1626-28 (1987); on the same period, L
Reeve charts Charles I and the Road to Personal Rule (1989). On
the Personal Rule of the 1630s itself, E S Cope, Politics
Without Parliaments 1629-40 (1987) is solid, while K Sharpe, The
Personal Rule of Charles I (1992) is a tour de force but is
considered by many to be too pro-Charles in its argument and
interpretation.
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Pre-civil
war Scotland
|
Most
of these works focus largely or exclusively on England (and Wales). Pre-civil
war Scotland is explored in K Brown, Kingdom or Province?
Scotland and the Regal Union (1992), M Lee, The Road to
Revolution. Scotland under Charles I, 1625-37 (1985) and A
MacInnes, Charles I and the Making of the Covenanting Movement
1625-37 (1991). The slippery path from crisis to war in Scotland
after 1637 is explored by D Stevenson, The Scottish Revolution
1637-44 (1973), P Donald, An Uncounselled King: Charles I and
the Scottish Troubles 1637-41 (1990) and M Fissel, The Bishops'
Wars: Charles I's Campaigns against Scotland 1638-40 (1994).
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Pre-civil
war
Ireland
|
There
is less on pre-civil war Ireland. Still the best starting point
is probably the relevant sections of T Moody, F Martin & F Byrne (eds),
A New History of Ireland, III. Early Modern Ireland 1534-1691
(1976), though N Canny, Making Ireland British, 1580-1650
(2001) is also very good on the pre-war decades. The impact of Sir
Thomas Wentworth, Charles I's chief minister in Ireland during the
1630s, is assessed in C Wedgwood, Thomas Wentworth, First Earl of
Strafford. A Revaluation (1961) and H Kearney, Strafford in
Ireland, 1633-41 (1989). The collapse into disorder and rebellion
is explored by M Perceval-Maxwell, The Outbreak of the Irish
Rebellion of 1641 (1994) and, in the northern province, by B
MacCuarta (ed), Ulster 1641 (1993).
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Descent
into war
|
The
descent into war in all three of Charles's kingdoms is assessed
by A Fletcher in The Outbreak of the English Civil War (1981),
exploring the interplay between the centre and the provinces in
England in 1640-42, while C Russell, The Fall of the British
Monarchies, 1637-42 (1991) is a very detailed account of the five
years culminating in the outbreak of war in England, highlighting the
impact of Scottish and Irish developments on the gathering English
crisis, but focusing on developments at Whitehall and Westminster; it
is an elegant statement of the 'revisionist' approach of the 1970s and
1980s, with its emphasis on short-term mistakes and errors in high
politics.
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Descent
into war
(earlier works)
|
Older
attempts to explain the (descent into) war in terms of
socio-economic problems and as a class struggle, as seen in works such
as C Hill, The English Revolution, 1640 (republished 1976) and
L Stone, The Crisis of the Aristocracy (1965), were generally
viewed with scepticism in the late twentieth century, though B
Manning, The English People and the English Revolution (1991),
R Brenner, Merchants and Revolution (1993) and J Holstun, Ehud’s
Dagger (2000) hold (in different ways) to this general approach.
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Causes
of the English civil war
|
Broader
assessments of the causes of the English civil war include: L
Stone, The Causes of the English Revolution, 1529-1642 (1986),
which combines long-, medium- and short-term causes; C Russell, The
Causes of the English Civil War (1990), which focuses principally
on medium- and short-term factors; A Hughes, The Causes of the
English Civil War (1998), which is sceptical of interpretations
which are narrowly political or exclusively short-term; N Carlin, The
Causes of the English Civil War (1998), also stressing longer term
social and economic problems alongside political and religious issues;
and, taking a more explicitly historiographical approach, R
Richardson, Debate on the English Revolution (1998).
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General
studies of the 1640s
|
There
are two excellent general studies of the 1640s (and the 1650s,
too): G Aylmer, Rebellion or Revolution? England from Civil War to
Restoration (1986), which has a useful, detailed table of events,
and I Roots, The Great Rebellion (1996). D Kennedy, The
English Revolution, 1642-49 (2000) provides a fast-moving
analytical narrative of the decade’s events. There are also three
wide-ranging collections of essays: J Morrill, The Nature of the
English Revolution (1993) brings together Morrill's earlier
essays, particularly on religion and allegiance in the civil war and
on the nature and consequences of the 'English Revolution', while R
Cust & A Hughes (eds), The English Civil War (1997) and P
Gaunt (ed), The English Civil War (2000) are both collections
of essays by different authors, though with substantial commentary
from the editors; Cust & Hughes focus mainly on the background to
and causes of the war, with papers gathered under the headings of
politics, religion, and culture and society, while Gaunt ranges more
widely over the 1640s, covering the causes, course and consequences of
the civil war. C Wedgwood's twin studies of The King's Peace
1637-41 (1955) and The King's War, 1641-47 (1958) provide a
pleasant if now very dated narrative of these years. S Gardiner's
magisterial History of the Great Civil War 1642-49 (4 vols,
republished 1987) provided the late Victorian foundation upon which
all subsequent historians have built.
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History
of the English civil wars
|
The
best studies of the military (and wider) history of the English
civil wars include: J Adair, By the Sword Divided (1997); M
Ashley, The English Civil War (1990), a well-illustrated,
traditionally-based account; M Bennett, The English Civil War
(1995), a brief overview in the 'Seminar Studies' series; M Bennett's
much more detailed The Civil Wars in Britain and Ireland
(1997); M Bennett, The Civil Wars Experienced (2000), which
seeks to reconstruct the experience of the 'common people' from 1638
to 1661; A H Burne & P Young, The Great Civil War: A Military
History (1998); C Carlton, Going to Wars: The Experience of the
British Civil Wars 1638-51 (1992), emphasising the heavy and
destructive impact of the war; I Gentles, The New Model Army in
England, Ireland and Scotland 1645-53 (1991); J Kenyon, The
Civil Wars of England (1988), which seeks to blend the military
and political history of the war years; J Kenyon & J Ohlmeyer (eds),
The Civil Wars: A Military History of England, Scotland and Ireland
(1998), which takes a thematic rather than a chronological
approach; J Morrill, Revolt in the Provinces (1999), focusing
upon the impact of, and reactions to, the civil war in the provinces
of England and Wales; P Newman, Atlas of the English Civil War
(1998); R Ollard, This War Without an Enemy (1983); S Reid, All
the King's Armies: A Military History of the English Civil War
(1998); J S Wheeler, The Irish and British Wars, 1637-54
(2002); and A Woolrych, Battles of the English Civil War (1992)
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Detailed
military studies
|
More
detailed military studies of the war include: D Blackmore, Arms
and Armour of the English Civil War (1990); K Roberts, Soldiers
of the English Civil War I. Infantry (1989), J Tincey, Soldiers
of the English Civil War II. Cavalry (1990); P Elliot-Wright, English
Civil War (1997), on uniforms; P Edwards, Dealing in Death
(2000), on how the armies were supplied; J Barratt, Cavaliers: The
Royalist Army at War (2000); P Newman, The Old Service:
Royalist Regimental Colonels in the Civil War 1642-46 (1997); C
Firth, Cromwell's Army (1992); and various studies of
individual battles, of which L Wenham, The Siege of York
(1994), P Young, Edgehill (1995), G Foard, Naseby
(1995), P Young, Marston Moor (1997), K Roberts & J Tincey,
Edgehill (2001) and J Barratt, The Battle for York: Marston
Moor (2002) are the most recently published/republished.
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The
impact of the civil war
|
Two
collections by J Morrill focus upon the impact of the civil war:
Reactions to the English Civil War (1982) and The Impact of
the English Civil War (1991). S Porter, Destruction in the
English Civil Wars (1994) explores the physical impact of the
conflict. The physical remains of the war are examined in P Gaunt, The
Cromwellian Gazetteer (1986) and P Harrington, Archaeology of
the English Civil War (1992).
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Local
studies
|
Some
of the most interesting work on the civil war period over the last two
or three decades has taken the form of local studies, exploring
the history of a particular town, county or region. Some have been
narrowly military, but most have a broader political, administrative
and/or social and economic coverage. Some focus on the war years
alone, but most place the 1640s within a broader chronological span. R
Richardson has edited two valuable collections on this theme: Town
and Countryside in the English Revolution (1992) and Local
Dimensions of the English Civil War (1997).
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Town
studies
|
Amongst
the best town studies are: M Atkin & L Laughlin, Gloucester
and the Civil War (1992); J Lynch, For King and Parliament;
Bristol and the Civil War (1999); V Pearl, London and the
Outbreak of the Puritan Revolution (1961); K Lindley, Popular
Politics and Religion in Civil War London (1997); the collection
edited by S Porter on London and the Civil War (1996); M Stoyle,
From Deliverance to Destruction: Rebellion and Civil War in an
English City (1996) on Exeter; P Tennant, The Civil War in
Stratford upon Avon (1996); and D Underdown, Fire From Heaven
(1992) on Dorchester. Some smaller settlements and communities have
received attention, including P Warner, Bloody Marsh (2000), a
study of conflict and dislocation in a Suffolk coastal village, and
Richard Gough’s History of Myddle (various modern editions),
the deservedly famous contemporary account of this Shropshire
settlement in the mid and later seventeenth century.
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County
studies
|
Amongst
the best county studies are: M Atkin, The Civil War in
Worcestershire (1995); T Bracher & R Emmett, Shropshire in
the Civil War (2000); A Coleby, Central Government and the
Localities: Hampshire (1987); A Duffin, Faction and Faith: The
Political Allegiance of the Cornish Gentry 1600-42 (1996); D
Eddershaw & E Roberts, The Civil War in Oxfordshire (1995);
A Everitt, The Community of Kent and the Great Rebellion
(1966); A Fletcher, A County Community in Peace and War: Sussex
(1975); T Goodwin, Dorset in the Civil War (1996); C Holmes, Seventeenth
Century Lincolnshire (1980); A Hughes, Politics, Society and
the Civil War in Warwickshire (1987); W Hunt, The Puritan
Moment: The Coming of Revolution to an English County (1983) on
Essex; T Maclachlan, The Civil War in Wiltshire (1997); J
Morrill, Cheshire 1630-60 (1974); K Parker, Radnorshire from
Civil War to Restoration (2000); P Scaybrooke, The Civil War in
Leicestershire and Rutland (1996); M Stoyle, Loyalty and
Locality: Popular Allegiances in Devon during the English Civil War
(1994), which attempts to show how and why the allegiances of the
Devonshire non-elite were divided; S Roberts, Recovery and
Restoration in an English County: Devon Local Administration, 1646-70
(1985); A Warmington, Civil War, Interregnum and Restoration in
Gloucestershire (1997); and G Blackwood, Tudor and Stuart
Suffolk (2001).
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Regional
studies
|
Amongst
the best regional studies are: C Holmes, The Eastern
Association (1974), focusing on East Anglia and the east Midlands
in the opening years of the war; R Hutton, The Royalist War Effort
1642-46 (2000), which assesses how the royalists exercised,
supplied and administered their war machine in Wales and the west
Midlands; R Sherwood, Civil War in the Midlands (1992); P
Tennant, Edgehill and Beyond (1992), stressing how the civil
war in the south Midlands disrupted the life of ordinary people in
that region; J Wroughton, Unhappy Civil War (1999), again
stressing the disruption caused by the war in the west country; and D
Underdown, Revel, Riot and Rebellion (1985), a rich study of
Dorset, Somerset and Wiltshire, which attempts to demonstrate how
civil war divisions/allegiances followed on from broad topographical,
economic and cultural divisions in the pre-war decades, an argument
which some historians find convincing while others are sceptical.
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Civil
war in Wales,
Scotland &
Ireland
|
The
civil war in Wales is assessed in P Gaunt, A Nation Under
Siege (1991) and N Tucker, The Civil War in North Wales
(1992), the war in Scotland by David Stevenson in The
Scottish Revolution 1637-44 (1973) and Revolution and Counter-Revolution
in Scotland 1644-51 (1977) and the war in Ireland by the
relevant parts of J Ohlmeyer (ed), Ireland: From Independence to
Occupation (1995), which takes the story down to 1660. The
over-arching 'British' nature of the conflicts has been
explored in B Bradshaw & J Morrill (eds), The British Problem,
c1534-1707 (1996) and P Gaunt, The British Wars, 1637-51(1997).
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Parliamentary
army during the
mid and late
1640s
|
Different
assessments of the role of the parliamentary army during the mid
and late 1640s are found in M Kishlansky's The Rise of the New
Model Army (1979), the relevant chapters of I Gentles's The New
Model Army in England, Ireland and Scotland (1991) and A
Woolrych's masterly account of the role of the army in politics
1647-48 in Soldiers and Statesmen (1987). From a less military
perspective, R Ashton, Counter Revolution: The Second Civil War and
its Origins (1994) provides a very detailed study of the years
1646-48.
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The
trial and execution of the king
|
The
political prelude to and context of the trial and execution of the
king are assessed in D Underdown, Pride's Purge (1971). C
Wedgwood's The Trial of Charles I (1964) is the classic account
of that episode, though the 350th anniversary produced a burst of new
studies, including R Partridge, 'O Horrable Murder'. The Trial,
Execution and Burial of Charles I (1998) and G Edwards, The
Last Days of Charles I (1999). J Peacey has edited an important
collection on The Regicides and the Execution of Charles I
(2001). S Barber places regicide in its political and broader context
in Regicide and Republicanism. Politics and Ethics in the English
Revolution (1998), while B Manning stresses the critical role of
the year of the trial and execution in 1649: Crisis of the English
Revolution (1992).
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Political
and religious
radicalism
|
There
is a mass of material on the political and religious radicalism
unleashed during and after the civil war. Despite some criticism, C
Hill, The World Turned Upside Down (1972) is still the classic
account. Other broad studies include F Dow, Radicalism in the
English Revolution (1985) and J McGregor & B Reay (eds), Radical
Religion in the English Revolution (1984). Puritanism is
reassessed by W Lamont, Puritanism and Historical Controversy
(1996), J Spurr, English Puritanism (1998), and C Durston &
J Eales (eds), The Culture of English Puritanism, 1560-1700
(1996).
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Diggers,
Levellers,
Fifth Monarchists,
Muggletonians
& Ranters
|
Most
radical groups have attracted individual studies. A Bradstock (ed), Winstanley
and the Diggers (2000) is a good recent collection on the Diggers.
On the Levellers, G Aylmer, The Levellers in the English
Revolution (1975) is now rather dated; A Sharpe, The English
Levellers (1998) reprints and examines some Leveller documents.
The Putney debates, in which Leveller ideas and the aspirations of the
New Model Army came together, are explored in a collection edited by M
Mendle, The Putney Debates of 1647 (2001), while A Southern Forlorn
Hope (2001) re-examines a group of ‘soldier radicals’. The
standard work on the Fifth Monarchists is B Capp, The Fifth
Monarchy Men (1972), on the Quakers, B Reay, The Quakers
and the English Revolution (1985), and on the Muggletonians,
C Hill, B Reay & W Lamont, The World of the Muggletonians
(1983). The Ranters, once calmly surveyed by A Morton, The
World of the Ranters (1970) and J Friedman, Blasphemy,
Immorality and Anarchy (1987), have been reassessed and their very
existence questioned by J C Davis, Fear, Myth and History
(1986). P Seaver, Wallington's World (1985) is a fascinating
account of a radical Londoner.
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The
period
1649-60
|
There
are a number of excellent works on the period 1649-60,
especially A Woolrych, England Without a King (1983), T
Barnard, The English Republic (1997) and, the most detailed of
the three, R Hutton, The British Republic (2000). J Morrill
(ed), Revolution and Restoration (1992) and the older but still
valuable G Aylmer (ed), The Interregnum (1972) are collections
of essays on the same period. S Gardiner's majestic narrative of the
1640s continued well into the 1650s as his History of the
Commonwealth and Protectorate (4 vols, republished 1991). After
his death, his work was continued by C Firth, Last Years of the
Protectorate (2 vols, 1909).
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Central
government 1649-53
|
The
best account of central government 1649-53 is provided by A
Worden, The Rump Parliament (1974) down to April 1653,
continued by A Woolrych's detailed account of events down to December
1653 in Commonwealth to Protectorate (1982). S Kelsey, Inventing
a Republic (1997) is a broader study of the issues surrounding the
establishment of non-monarchical rule.
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Oliver
Cromwell
|
The
Protectorate of 1653-59 is usually approached via the figure who
served as head of state to September 1658, Oliver Cromwell.
There have been scores of biographies. Despite their age S Gardiner, Oliver
Cromwell (1899) and C Firth, Oliver Cromwell (1900) are
still valuable, R Paul, The Lord Protector (1955) is strong on
Cromwell and religion and C Hill's study God's Englishman
(1972) certainly gets beneath the skin. I Roots (ed), Cromwell, A
Profile (1972) is a strong if slightly dated collection, while J
Morrill (ed), Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution (1990)
is outstanding on various aspects of the man, his life and policies.
Three good, recent, concise biographies are B Coward, Oliver
Cromwell (1991), P Gaunt, Oliver Cromwell (1996) and J C
Davis, Oliver Cromwell (2001). Cromwell's portraiture is
explored in J Cooper, Oliver the First: Contemporary Images of
Oliver Cromwell (1999), while L Knoppers, Constructing
Cromwell: Ceremony, Portrait and Print, 1645-61 (2000) assesses
the contemporary projection and representation of Cromwell. The
conflicting interpretations of Cromwell amongst contemporaries and
generations of historians are charted in R Richardson (ed), Images
of Oliver Cromwell (1993). T Carlyle (ed), The Letters and
Speeches of Oliver Cromwell (1845 and many later editions) and I
Roots (ed), Speeches of Oliver Cromwell (1989) enable us to
approach Cromwell via his own writings and utterances.
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The
Protectorate
|
There
are a number of studies of aspects of the 1650s in general and the
Protectorate in particular. The best starting point is now B
Coward, The Cromwellian Protectorate (2002), a lively and
thorough introduction to the period 1653-59. R Sherwood, The Court
of Oliver Cromwell (1977) studies the Protectoral court, while R
Sherwood, Oliver Cromwell: King in All But Name (1997) stresses
the regal nature of Cromwellian rule. M Ashley, Financial and
Commercial Policy under the Commonwealth and Protectorate (1972)
is still the best study of that area. On the naval arm, see B Capp, Cromwell's
Navy (1989). We need more on the army in this period, though D
Hainsworth, Swordsmen in Power (1997) is a pleasant account,
and C Durston, Cromwell’s Major-Generals (2001) is an
excellent study of the militarised local government system of 1655-6.
I Roots (ed), 'Into Another Mould'. Aspects of the Interregnum
(1998) is an important collection on essays on aspects of central and
local government. On foreign policy, see J Jones, The Anglo-Dutch
Wars of the Seventeenth Century (1996), T Venning, Cromwellian
Foreign Policy (1995), S Pincus, Protestantism and Patriotism:
Ideologies and the Making of English Foreign Policy 1650-68 (1996)
and the introduction to M Roberts (ed), Swedish Diplomats at
Cromwell's Court (1988). M Braddick, The Nerves of State:
Taxation and National Finance 1558-1714 (1996) and J Wheeler, The
Making of a World Power: War and Military Revolution in Seventeenth
Century England (1999) put a strong case for the importance of the
1640s and 1650s in the development of a powerful British state and in
the fiscal and administrative changes which underpinned that
development.
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Richard
Cromwell
|
In
some ways the best account of Richard Cromwell remains that
written by C Firth for the Dictionary of National Biography
(1888). R Ramsey's Richard Cromwell (1935) is a pleasant account
- see also Ramsey's Henry Cromwell (1933) and Studies in
Cromwell's Family Circle (1930). E M Hause, Tumble-Down Dick
(1972), J Butler, A Biography of Richard Cromwell (1994) and J
Hammer, Protector (1997) are more recent accounts of Richard.
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Ireland
& Scotland
in the 1650s
|
On
Ireland in the 1650s, T Reilly, Cromwell, An Honourable Enemy
(1998) is a revisionist re-examination of Cromwell's Irish campaign of
1649-50; J Wheeler, Cromwell in Ireland (1999) takes a more
traditional line. T Barnard, Cromwellian Ireland (2000) is the
best account of Ireland through the 1650s. On Scotland in the 1650s,
J Grainger, Cromwell Against the Scots (1997) retells the story
of Cromwell's Scottish campaign of 1650-51, while M Atkin, Cromwell's
Crowning Mercy (1998) examines the Worcester campaign and the
Scottish defeat there. F Dow, Cromwellian Scotland (2000) is the
best account of Scotland through the 1650s.
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1659-60
and the Restoration
|
The
collapse of 1659-60 and the Restoration are explored in J Miller,
The Restoration and the England of Charles II (1997), R Hutton, The
Restoration (1985), P Seaward, The Restoration (1991) and N
Keeble, The Restoration (2002); J Miller, After the Civil Wars
(2001) extends the coverage further into the Restoration era. C
Hill, The Experience of Defeat (1983) charts what happened when
God apparently deserted the parliamentarians, when - as one
parliamentarian officer put it - 'the Lord spat in our face'.
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